Rosa Parks
Interview for Eyes on the Prize Documentary

Montogmery Bus Boycott
November 14, 1985

Video

Provided by Washington University Digital Gateway (see citation, for details).

See Montgomery Bus Boycott for background & more information.
See also Montgomery Bus Boycott for web links.

Contents

Montgomery

INTERVIEWER:

TO BEGIN WITH, I WONDER IF YOU COULD GIVE ME A BRIEF WORD PICTURE OF WHAT LIFE WAS LIKE IN THE MID 50'S IN THE SOUTH, PARTICULARLY MONTGOMERY. AND IF THERE'S ONE INCIDENT OR ANECDOTE AS IT RELATES TO RACE RELATIONS THAT YOU CAN REMEMBER, SOMETHING THAT HAPPENED TO YOU PERSONALLY THAT MIGHT EXPLAIN OR ILLUSTRATE WHAT THE SOUTH WAS LIKE IN TERMS OF RACE RELATIONS DURING THAT TIME.

Rosa Parks:

Everything was segregated and by law. Transportation, occupation, and just, it was just one of those Southern traditions that was enforced in schools.

INTERVIEWER:

WAS THERE ANY ONE INCIDENT OR ANYTHING THAT STICKS OUT IN YOUR MIND THAT ILLUSTRATES JUST HOW SEGREGATED IT WAS?

Rosa Parks:

There are many incidents. It's very difficult to pick out any one in particular. In 1954, after the Supreme Court decision had been handed down to do away with segregation in the public schools. We did have a few parents of school age children in public schools to sign a petition and place it before the Board of Education and this was done. The Board of Education published and names and address of these people open to any type of harassment that might be inflicted. I don't know now how many lost jobs, maybe they didn't, but it was just one of those things that was done to be more, make segregation more oppressive and to intimidate us as a people.

Murder of Emmett Till

INTERVIEWER:

HOW DID YOU HEAR ABOUT THE EMMETT TILL CASE, MRS. PARKS?

Rosa Parks:

The murder of Emmett Till, I believe he was about 14 years old, who was visiting his relatives, his home was in Chicago and the news came that he had been brutally murdered and put into the river. His body was removed from the river after it had been weighted down and he was so badly mutilated that he was unrecognizable.

The first mass meeting that we had in Montgomery following his death was when Dr. T.R.M. Howard came to speak to the NAACP meeting, well, just a community meeting and he was telling us about it in detail. Jet magazine published it and we read about it.

INTERVIEWER:

WHAT KIND OF IMPACT DID HIS DEATH HAVE ON YOU PERSONALLY?

Rosa Parks:

It was just like any person murdered. I couldn't be any way than very upset, very devastated by the, in the United States of America that a child could be just taken out and killed.

However, it parallels an incident that had happened in Montgomery not too long before this, except this was a young minister who had a singing group and my husband knew him and his mother. And he was supposed to have done something, I don't know what it was, but I think some white woman had made a request that — he had a radio program, a group of singers and seemed that she had made a request, I don't know whether it was by writing or how for him, for his group to sing a song and this is supposed to have led to him being in church with this person.

And some men took him out to the Alabama River on a bridge and he supposedly jumped over into the river and they told his mother she had better keep quiet about it which she did. Her husband knew it and I guess the family and that was all.

But the difference in his case and the Emmett Till case was because Emmett Till came from the North and the media picked it up. In this case, of course, was kept very much hidden so that is why in, around Montgomery it was supposed to have been a "good, race relations," quote unquote, because much of what was done to some families — I happened to be at that time the Secretary of the Montgomery branch of the NAACP, as well as the Youth Council advisor — and many cases did come to my attention that nothing came out of because the persons that were abused would be too intimidated to sign an affidavit, or to make a statement to let it be known what had happened.

NAACP Activist

INTERVIEWER:

TELL ME A LITTLE BIT...I WANT TO GET A SENSE OF HOW, YOU JUST MENTIONED A LITTLE BIT ABOUT HOW ACTIVE YOU WERE BEFORE DECEMBER 1, 1955, POLITICALLY, AS FAR AS RACE RELATIONS WERE CONCERNED.

Rosa Parks:

I had been active much farther back than 1954, I had been working with NAACP since 1943. And I worked with the — we set up registrations ... meetings for people to start becoming registered voters. Very few of us were registered in the early 1940's. And, it was practically impossible too for a black person regardless of the intelligence to become registered except for a very few selected by the white community.

INTERVIEWER:

YOU WERE ALSO INVOLVED IN — COULD YOU DESCRIBE A LITTLE BIT ABOUT YOUR ACTITIVITES IN GETTING ON THOSE BUSES AND RE-BOARDING BEFORE IT CAME TO THE TIME OF THE FINAL TIME OF CONFRONTATION THAT WE NOW KNOW ABOUT?

[Under the segregation rules enforced in Montgomery, Blacks were required to board the bus through the front door, pay their fare, then exit the bus and re-enter it through the rear door to take their seats in the "colored" section at the back of the bus. The social implication being that their very presence was so odious to white riders that they were not allowed to walk past them down the aisle. As a gesture of contempt, bus drivers sometimes drove off before a Black rider could re-enter the bus after paying the fare.]

Rosa Parks:

Well, I was, when I would not give my money to the driver if I put the fare in and get on the bus, the driver who had me arrested did evict me from the bus in 1943. It was those who wanted to enforce this type of oppression, humiliation rather, that I not ride the bus. In fact some [drivers] did tell me not to ride their buses. If I felt that I was "too important" to go to the back door to get on. And going to the back door after paying your fare in the front would mean sometime that people wouldn't even get on the bus at all because if you couldn't get around fast enough to suit the driver, he would just drive off and leave you standing after you paid your fare.

INTERVIEWER:

NOW THIS WAS A COMPANY POLICY?

Rosa Parks:

It was, I think it was the individual drivers because some drivers didn't do that. They regarded us, even with segregation, it was, they didn't bother you, you just got on the bus, paid your fare and find your place where you could sit or stand.

INTERVIEWER:

MRS. PARKS, IF YOU COULD DESCRIBE HOW THE BUSES WERE SEGREGATED AND WHAT THE SYSTEM WAS.

Rosa Parks:

Well, the system of legal racial segregation on the buses. The white passengers occupied the front seats and blacks in the back. But there was a, I guess you can say custom or practice, that if the back of the bus was filled up and people was standing in the aisle, they still would leave a certain number of vacant seats in the front even if no white people boarded the bus, buses. The time that if white would get on the bus and occupy what was supposed to be the designated seats for them, they were all filled, some drivers — not all — [would have] their first row of black people to stand though they were back of the white to accommodate those whites who were standing.

So that was very humiliating, very oppressive and even with having to take a certain section because if your race was also humiliating, but having to stand up on, out of a particular driver to keep a white person from having to stand was, to my mind, most inhumane. We were paying the same fare, in fact, some black people had to pay double fare because, I mentioned earlier, if they were trying to get on the bus in the rear door, they would have to either walk where they were going after having paid the fare in the front, or pay another fare when another fare. More than 75, between 85 and I think 90% of the patronage of the buses were black people because while there were some white people who used the buses, they were very much in the minority and we were very much in the majority because more white people could own and drive their own cars than blacks.

Taking a Stand

INTERVIEWER:

NOW ON DECEMBER 1ST, WHAT, WHAT WAS DIFFERENT THAT DAY? WHY DID YOU DECIDE, REFUSE TO GIVE UP YOUR SEAT?

Rosa Parks:

Well, there was nothing different about that day because as I said before, I had from time to time had some confrontation with bus drivers. But the difference that made it, this driver decided to have me arrested and have the policeman to take me to jail. And that did attract more attention than it had if I had just gotten off the bus on his orders.

INTERVIEWER:

WOULD YOU GO BACK TO THAT DAY AND TELL ME WHY AGAIN YOU JUST DECIDED TO DO IT AND WHAT THE DRIVER SAID TO YOU, AND JUST DETAILS ABOUT THAT?

Rosa Parks:

Well, as I said before to you, it was not a matter or me deciding that day, because for a long — over a period of time, over the years, I had, had problems with the bus drivers and this one who had me arrested on that day was the same one who had evicted me from the bus in 1943, which did not cause anything more than just hardly a passing glance. But I did have to leave the bus and find another way of transportation home or wait for another bus or walk, I don't remember which I did.

I had finished my days work as a tailor's assistant in the Montgomery Fair department store and when I was on my way home, I noticed the first bus was very crowded, even people standing up in the front and the back, and I didn't get that one because I wanted to go to the store and pick up an item or two at the drug store. The next Cleveland Avenue bus that I saw I noticed there were — I didn't see anyone standing up at that point, but by the time I walked to the bus, and was getting on, there were some people in the back, standing in the back and there was one vacant seat, which I took along side a man and the two women across the aisle.

We went, there were still a few vacant seats in the front, of course, I was just getting on the bus, I was not [unintelligible] any seats, or trying to see who was what seats were vacant and what not, I was only concerned with the one I was sitting in. We went to the next stop without being disturbed. On the third, the front of the bus seats, the front seats were occupied and this one man, a white man [was] standing. At this point the driver asked us to stand up and let him [the driver] have those [four] seats, and when neither, none of us moved at his first words, he said, "You all make it light on yourselves and let me have those seats."

[The system was that all four Blacks had to give up their seats so that the one white man would not end up sitting next to, or in the same row with, Blacks.]

And the man who was sitting next to the window stood up and I made room for him to pass by me and I sit where I was. The two women across the aisle stood up and moved out. Now, where they went, or whether they left the bus and whether they stayed on I don't know because while he was stopping to have trying to get us to stand up, some people, several people left the bus. I didn't see any white people leave. I don't know what happened to this passenger that he wanted to occupy the seat. I don't know whether he, he never said anything, all I know that it was a man.

And when he [the driver] saw me still sitting, and that had left the three seats vacant, except where I was, he asked me if I was going to stand up and I said, "No I'm not." And he said, "Well, if you, if you don't stand up, I'm going to have you, call the police and have you arrested." I said, "You may do that." And he did get off the bus and stayed for a few minutes and I still stayed where I was and when two policemen came on the bus, the driver pointed me out and he said that he needed the seats and other three stood, that one, he just said that one would not.

And when the policeman approached me one of them spoke and asked me if the bus driver had asked me to stand and I said, "Yes." He said, "Why don't you stand up?" I said, "I don't think I should have to stand up." And I asked him, "Why do you push us around?" He said, "I do not know, but the law is the law and you're under arrest."

But to my mind, and I had never read it in the city ordinance where a bus driver's supposed to have one passenger stand up and not have a seat or another one to take the seat. And if I can remember correctly, it said in keeping with racial segregation the bus driver had the, I believe it said the police power which meant they could even carry arms if they wanted to, to rearrange seating in keeping with racial segregation. But they were not rearranging seating, they were just depriving four passengers of a seat for one person to sit down and leave three vacant seats while the back of the bus was packed because there was black standing and there was only one white person who was standing. And he was a man.

Mass Meeting at Holt Street Baptist Church

INTERVIEWER:

YOU WERE AT THE FIRST MEETING AT THE STREET BAPTIST CHURCH, CAN YOU TELL US WHAT STICKS OUT IN YOUR MIND ABOUT THAT MEETING THAT NIGHT?

Rosa Parks:

Well, the first meeting was not at the Baptist Church. The first meeting we had was at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Dr. Martin Luther King's church where he was pastoring. That was — on Friday evening.

INTERVIEWER:

I'M TALKING ABOUT THE BIG MEETING AT THE — 

Rosa Parks:

Oh, the big meeting at the Holt Street Baptist Church. There were so many people there that, very difficult to get inside the church. People were standing on the outside and there were number of speakers — Dr. Martin Luther King was one. I didn't have to speak, but I did stand up. The atmosphere was was very, I would say it practically jubilant because people were singing, clapping their hands, and shouting...

[Noise interrupts interview]

INTERVIEWER:

ALL RIGHT, WE'RE GOING TO START THAT AGAIN. OKAY, I WANT YOU TO BEGIN AGAIN AND TELL ME ABOUT THAT MEETING AT THE HOLT STREET BAPTIST CHURCH AND WHAT IT WAS LIKE.

Rosa Parks:

When I did get to the church there were so many people in the street around that church it was very difficult to get in. Someone was trying to help me get in and then someone was — it was just packed. Every inch was taken up with people there and the street was full of people. People were laughing and talking and it seemed like they were quite happy.

[Holt Street Baptist was the largest Black church in Montgomery.]

And when I did get to the meeting, I was escorted to the pulpit, they had a seat for me there. And there were oh so many people that you can imagine that many getting into this church, I think they said there were several thousand, I don't know exactly how many in and outside. Loudspeakers had been set up on the outside so those who could not get in could hear what was going on and then there were a number of speeches.

Many ministers and others spoke and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the speakers. And when there was a vote taken to decide whether the protest would continue as it had early that morning. It was on Monday, December 5th, the date of my trial and the evening was when this meeting was at the Holt Street Church. And the decision was unanimous. People were just yelling out that they would remain off the buses until changes were made for the better for us.

INTERVIEWER:

HOW DID YOU FEEL ABOUT SPARKING THE BOYCOTT AND SUCH A BIG MEETING AND THAT KIND OF REACTION?

Rosa Parks:

Well, I was quite relieved and clear that people did decide that they themselves could take this action that would attract enough attention to know that the masses of the people were not happy and very much dissatisfied of the way we were treated. However, I felt like it was bit like long-coming because there had been so many incidents when the same action could have taken place. But it seemed that they had not made up their minds until this particular incident.

INTERVIEWER:

RALPH ABERNATHY TELLS A STORY THAT THERE WAS A SONG SUNG AT THAT FIRST MEETING AT HOLT STREET BAPTIST CHURCH AND EVERYBODY WAS SINGING IT, DO YOU REMEMBER WHAT THAT WAS?

Rosa Parks:

I know they did quite a bit of singing. I guess what they actually sang is hard for me to remember. I guess maybe it was "Walk Together Children, Don't Get Weary" or something like that and but I don't recall that actually, too many details of it.

Boycotting the Buses

INTERVIEWER:

HOW DID YOU GET TO WORK DURING THE BOYCOTT?

Rosa Parks:

Well, the day after I was arrested, I used a cab, and other times I would walk or maybe someone would give me a ride. I didn't — it was reasonable walking distance of the downtown store where I worked. It would take anywhere from 25 to 30 minutes to get there walking in less than an hour. And then there were some friends who had cars. I don't recall because I didn't work too long after the incident, I worked five weeks, went through the month of December and was discharged from my job after the first week January.

The Supreme Court Decision

INTERVIEWER:

WHAT WAS YOUR REACTION TO THE SUPREME COURT DECISION OF, AGAINST SEGREGATION ON THE BUSES, AND HOW DID YOU HEAR ABOUT IT?

Rosa Parks:

I Heard about it during one of our mass meeting and Dr. King was presiding, and someone brought the message to him and he gave it to us in the meeting.

INTERVIEWER:

HOW DID, WHAT WAS YOUR REACTION?

Rosa Parks:

Naturally, I would be very relieved to know that at last it had been handed down by the Supreme Court that the buses would not be segregated, but we had been off the buses now at that time for more than a year. And we were used to not riding the buses then.

First Ride

INTERVIEWER:

WHAT, HOW DID YOU FEEL ABOUT GETTING BACK ON THE BUSES FOR THE FIRST TIME? WERE YOU RIDING WITH KING AND THE CLERGYMEN WHEN THAT — 

Rosa Parks:

No, I was not riding with them. In fact, I was not, actually I was not planning to ride the buses at all. The day my mother was quite ill and I was at home with her. But some reporters from one of the publications, I think it was Look magazine came to my home and asked if I would take a little time out and go downtown with them to have my picture taken riding the bus, which I did.

INTERVIEWER:

WHAT DID THAT FEEL LIKE GETTING ON THAT BUS AGAIN?

Rosa Parks:

It didn't feel any special way. Just a matter of getting on for the, so my picture could be taken. And the driver who had me arrested was one of the drivers. I think I must've, was on and off about 3 buses before they got all the pictures that they wanted. And he was one of the drivers, on whose bus I was getting on for the pictures to be taken.

Holding On

INTERVIEWER:

WERE YOU EVER DISCOURAGED ABOUT THE BOYCOTT? YOU KNOW, WITH THE AUTHERINE LUCY CASE, WITH BOMBINGS, WITH THE LAWSUITS, THE WHOLE BIT. WAS IT EVER, WERE THERE ANY POINTS THAT YOU WERE JUST DISCOURAGED DURING THIS TIME?

Rosa Parks:

Well, during that time, because there were so many other people involved, I did not feel any discouragement, I just felt that with the number of masses of people being involved and taking a part that it was not as discouraging as it had been before the incident and before others joined in. When you feel like others are with you, I don't think you have a feeling of discouragement that you may feel apprehensive about the safety of some other people, or you may get weary because of meetings and taking — 

Well, my mother was ill quite a bit, and there were times when I could not participate as much as I wanted too. But when she recovered, then, well, she always went with me and also my husband would go to some of the meetings. He was very shaken and very upset because of the...well, over a number of years we had lived under this tension for so long until it really didn't make it worse for others to be working with us, it made it even better. As bad as it was then, but only difference was that the public knew about it and the media, and newspapers, magazines, TV, gave the protest a great deal of publicity.

INTERVIEWER:

I WAS JUST WONDERING, YOU KNOW, HERE YOU ARE TOGETHER AND THEN TO HAVE THIS AUTHERINE LUCY CASE COME DOWN AND HAVE THE BOMBINGS AND THEN THE NAACP OUTLAWED, IT JUST SEEMED LIKE YOU'D JUST SAG FROM THE WEIGHT OF ALL THIS.

Rosa Parks:

Well, we didn't sag at all. We just kept moving on. Because there wasn't any need then, because, if I could stand the 20's, the 30's, 40's, and the 5O's, all those years, without any mass cooperation, or any support from either black or whites too much. Mr. E.D. Nixon — 

And locally we were organized into what we called the Voters League to get our instructions on how to answer the 21 questions to become registered voters and after becoming registered voters, if we did get our certificates we would have to pay poll tax, a dollar 50 cents retroactive to our 21st birthday. I worked with this locally and with NAACP as a national organization. And Mr. Nixon was active in both.

E.D. Nixon

INTERVIEWER:

THAT PART YOU WERE TELLING ME ABOUT MR. NIXON BEFORE, WE WEREN'T ROLLING THEN, SO DO YOU WANT TO BACK UP AND TELL ME ABOUT THAT AGAIN? IF YOU COULD JUST PICK UP AND TELL ME HOW YOU HAD WORKED WITH MR. NIXON BEFORE ALL THIS, HOW YOU TWO HAD WORKED TOGETHER.

Rosa Parks:

I met Mr. E.D. Nixon in the early 1940's when he was either President or Chairman of the Legal Redress Committee of the NAACP. Mr. E.D. Nixon was the very first person who told me the importance of registering and becoming a voter. We, he and quite a few of the community people, my husband included, organized a Voters League we called it. We met in each other's homes and, a [unintelligible] Madison, Mayor of Montgomery had come down from New York City to help us with our registration. His aim was to get people, get us registered without having to be approved by some white registered voter.

We worked with that as well as with the NAACP. And Mr. Nixon at that time was the President, and when he wasn't President, he was the Chairman of the Legal Redress Committee and whenever any incident or anything happened in the community, we always called on him. So, he was the very first person who was notified by a friend of mine that I was in jail. The call that I was permitted to make was to my home and I spoke with my mother and my husband and told them I was in jail. And my husband did find someone to give him a ride to jail to release me. But in the meantime, Mr. Nixon, attorney and Mrs. Clifford Durr were there and they made bonds for me before my husband arrived.

And so, he was the first person beside my husband and my immediate family and my mother to really impress upon me the freedom that was ours and we had to take a stand to at least let it be known that we want to be free regardless of the conditions under which we were living. And, and, the time I was on the bus and refused to stand up, it was principally because I felt my rights as a human being were being violated and that getting in and obeying the officers was not helping to make conditions better for me or any of the rest of us. And, it was only way I knew to let him and the, all world know that I wanted to be a respectable and respected citizen in the community.

CITATION: Interview with Rosa Parks, conducted by Blackside, Inc. on November 14, 1985, for "Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years (1954-1965)." Washington University Libraries, Film and Media Archive, Henry Hampton Collection. Eyes on the Prize Interviews